Surgical Treatment

Key References

Conflict of Interest Disclosure — For transparency: This website is operated by a physician who performs both spinal surgery and spinal cord stimulation (SCS) procedures. This page presents surgical options — including their risks and limitations — based on clinical guidelines and published evidence. Your surgical decisions should be made together with your own healthcare provider after considering all available options.

1. Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA). Clinical Practice Guidelines for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis. 2021.
2. NICE. Low back pain and sciatica in over 16s: assessment and management. NG59. Updated 2020.
3. North American Spine Society (NASS). Evidence-Based Clinical Guidelines for Lumbar Spine Disorders.

This page provides medically accurate information, but it is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Please consult your doctor for diagnosis and treatment tailored to your individual situation.