Medications

Key References

Conflict of Interest Disclosure: This website is operated by a spine surgeon who performs spinal cord stimulation (SCS) procedures. The medication information on this page is presented to help you understand your treatment options, regardless of whether SCS is relevant to your case. Your medication decisions should always be made in consultation with your prescribing doctor.

1. Saragiotto BT et al. "Paracetamol for low back pain." Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;CD012230.
2. Enthoven WT et al. "Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for chronic low back pain." Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;CD012087.
3. Cashin AG et al. "Pharmacological treatments for low back pain in adults: an overview of Cochrane Reviews." Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023.
4. Weng C et al. "Efficacy and Safety of Duloxetine in Osteoarthritis or Chronic Low Back Pain." Medicine. 2020.
5. Baron R et al. "Neuropathic low back pain in clinical practice." Eur J Pain. 2016;20(6):861-873.
6. Oldfield BJ et al. "Skeletal muscle relaxants for nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review." Ann Intern Med. 2024.
7. CDC Clinical Practice Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Pain. 2022.

Next Steps

• Treatment Overview — A Step-by-Step Approach
• The Mind-Pain Connection — The Science of Psychological Approaches
• Living Well with Back Pain — Practical Tips for Daily Life