Treatment Overview

Key References

Conflict of Interest Disclosure: This website is operated by a spine surgeon who performs SCS procedures. This means there is a financial interest in SCS treatment. The information on this page aims to present all treatment options — including their limitations — in a balanced and evidence-based way. Your treatment decisions should be made together with your own healthcare provider after considering all available options, including non-surgical approaches.

1. Hayden JA et al. "Exercise therapy for chronic low back pain." Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021.
2. Long A et al. "Does it matter which exercise? A randomized control trial." Spine. 2008;33(3):E90-E94.
3. Cherkin DC et al. "Effect of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction vs Cognitive Behavioral Therapy or Usual Care on Back Pain." JAMA. 2016;315(12):1240-1249.
4. Ho EK et al. "Psychological interventions for chronic, non-specific low back pain." BMJ. 2022;376:e067718.
5. Mannion AF et al. "Outcome after fusion, rehabilitation, or no treatment for chronic low back pain: 11-year follow-up." Spine J. 2013;13(11):1438-1448.
6. Wang Y et al. "Injection therapies for low back pain." BMJ. 2025.