Why Does Your Back Hurt?

References

1. Brinjikji W et al. "Systematic literature review of imaging features of spinal degeneration in asymptomatic populations." AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2015;36(4):811-6.
2. Brinjikji W et al. "MRI Findings of Disc Degeneration are More Prevalent in Adults with Low Back Pain than in Asymptomatic Controls." AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2015;36(12):2394-9.
3. Urits I et al. "Low Back Pain, a Comprehensive Review." Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2019;23(3):23.
4. Allegri M et al. "Mechanisms of low back pain: a guide for diagnosis and therapy." F1000Res. 2016;5.
5. Willems P. "Decision making in surgical treatment of chronic low back pain." Acta Orthop Suppl. 2013;84(349):1-35.
6. Schuttert I et al. "The Definition, Assessment, and Prevalence of Central Sensitisation in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain." J Clin Med. 2021;10(24):5931.
7. Manchikanti L et al. "Comprehensive Evidence-Based Guidelines for Facet Joint Interventions." Pain Physician. 2020;23(3S):S1-S127.
8. Cohen SP et al. "Sacroiliac joint pain: a comprehensive review." Expert Rev Neurother. 2013;13(1):99-116.
9. Borenstein D. "Does osteoarthritis of the lumbar spine cause chronic low back pain?" Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2004;8(6):512-7.
10. Mannion AF et al. "Spine stabilisation surgery for low back pain 11-year follow-up." Spine J. 2013;13(11):1438-48.

Next Steps

• Warning Signs — Red Flags You Should Not Ignore
• Exercise Therapy — Why Movement Is an Effective Treatment
• Tests and Diagnosis — What Examinations Are Needed
• About Surgery — An Honest Look at the Evidence for Spinal Fusion