Tests and Diagnosis

References

1. Chou R et al. "Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain: a joint clinical practice guideline." Ann Intern Med. 2007;147(7):478-91.
2. Brinjikji W et al. "Systematic literature review of imaging features of spinal degeneration in asymptomatic populations." AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2015;36(4):811-6.
3. Srinivas SV et al. "Application of 'less is more' to low back pain." Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(13):1016-20.
4. Jenkins HJ et al. "Imaging for low back pain: is clinical use consistent with guidelines?" Spine J. 2018;18(12):2266-2277.
5. Qazi SA et al. "The diagnostic accuracy of straight leg raise test in patients more than 60 years." J Neurosci Rural Pract. 2023;14(4):610-614.
6. Pincus T et al. "A systematic review of psychological factors as predictors of chronicity/disability." Spine. 2002;27(5):E109-20.
7. Waddell G et al. "A Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ)." Pain. 1993;52(2):157-168.
8. Freynhagen R et al. "painDETECT: a new screening questionnaire." Curr Med Res Opin. 2006;22(10):1911-20.
9. Cohen SP et al. "Consensus practice guidelines on interventions for lumbar facet joint pain." Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2020;45(6):424-467.
10. Fairbank JC, Pynsent PB. "The Oswestry Disability Index." Spine. 2000;25(22):2940-52.

Next Steps

• Exercise Therapy — Why Movement Is an Effective Treatment
• Finding the Right Exercise — A Type-Based Flowchart
• Red Flag Symptoms — When to Seek Immediate Help
• Why Does Your Back Hurt? — An Honest Look at Pain